🔆 Multidimensional Poverty in India

📍 Key Statistics
✅ 14.96% headcount ratio of Multidimensional Poverty in 2019-21 (down from 24.85% in 2015-16), enroute to achieving target 1.2 of halving Multidimensional Poverty much before 2030

✅ 13.5 crore people lifted out of multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21, and 41.5 crore people lifted out between 2005-06 and 2019-21

✅ The intensity of poverty (average deprivation among multidimensionally poor) improved from about 47% in 2015-16 to 44% in 2019-21

📍 Rural and Urban Trends
✅ Fastest decline in percentage of multidimensional poor in rural areas: from 32.59% in 2015-16 to 19.28% in 2019-21

✅ Reduction in incidence of poverty in urban areas: from 8.65% in 2015-16 to 5.27% in 2019-21

📍 Vulnerable Groups and Regional Data
✅ India has the largest number of children living in multidimensional poverty — 1 in every 5 children is poor

✅ States of UP, Bihar, MP, Odisha, and Rajasthan recorded steepest decline in number of MPI poor

✅ Globally, 85% of multidimensionally poor people live in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

✅ 63 million Indians pushed into poverty yearly due to healthcare costs — almost two people every second

✅ Poverty levels among social groups:
• STs = 50.6%
• SCs = 33.3%
• OBCs = 27.2%
(5 out of every 6 people living in multidimensional poverty in India belong to disadvantaged tribes and castes)


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🔆 Why is India's Fertility Rate Declining?

📍 Key Reasons for Fertility Decline

✅ Increased Female Literacy & Workforce Participation – More women focusing on careers & education.
✅ Women’s Empowerment & Changing Aspirations – More financial independence, delayed marriages & childbirth.
✅ Social Attitude Shifts – Preference for higher education, jobs & financial stability over early motherhood.
✅ Rising Infertility & Abortions – Affecting both men & women, contributing to lower birth rates.
✅ Migration of Youngsters – Many opt for jobs abroad, reducing birth rates in their home states.

📍 The Way Forward

✅ Improve Socio-Economic Conditions – A better economy & job prospects can encourage family growth.
✅ Invest in Social & Health Sectors – Stronger healthcare & maternity support for working women.
✅ Learning from Global Trends – Avoid mistakes of countries like South Korea, where fertility rates failed to recover despite large investments.

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🔆 World Day Against Child Labour (WDACL)
✅ Observed every year on June 12 under the International Labour Organization (ILO)
✅ Aims to raise awareness and bring together stakeholders to eliminate child labour
✅ Linked with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 8.7, which seeks to end child labour in all forms by 2025

📍 Prevalence of Child Labour
✅ Globally, around 160 million children are engaged in child labour, i.e., 1 in every 10 children
✅ The Africa, Asia and the Pacific regions together account for almost nine out of every 10 children being in child labour
✅ COVID-19 pandemic worsened conditions, forcing many children to leave school and work

📍 Child Labour in India
✅ Census 2011 estimated that 43.53 lakh children (5–14 years) engaged in child labour due to factors such as poverty, non-accessibility and illiteracy
✅ Child labour is preferred in beedi, carpet-weaving and firework factories

📍 Legislative Framework:
✅ India enacted the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act (CLPRA) in 1986
✅ National Policy on Child Labour, 1987 sought a gradual and sequential approach with focus on rehabilitation
✅ National Child Labour Project (NCLP) implemented in high-incidence areas
✅ CLPRA Amendment Act, 2016:
 ▪ Prohibits employment of children below 14
 ▪ Prohibits employment of adolescents (14–18 years) in hazardous occupations
✅ Right to Education mandates free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years

📍 The Velpur Model (Success Story)
✅ Velpur Mandal, Nizamabad district (Telangana) was once notorious for child labour
✅ In 2001, a community-driven campaign ensured all children (5–15 years) were enrolled in school
✅ Velpur was declared “child labour free mandal” on October 2, 2001, after 100 days of efforts
✅ 24 years later, there is 100% retention in schools and no child labour in the mandal


📍 Innovative Measures in Velpur
✅ Children found working were sent to bridge schools under NCLP
✅ Public meetings emphasised education; children recognised employers who let them leave work
✅ Employers wrote off loans taken by parents (children were earlier used as mortgage)
✅ All sarpanchs signed MoUs (under Andhra Pradesh Compulsory Primary Education Rules, 1982) to ensure schooling
✅ Government ensured access, infrastructure and teachers

📍 Recognition and Replicability
✅ Model recognised by national and international bodies including ILO and media
✅ Supported by former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
✅ Mentioned in Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour report (2022)

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